Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag Porous Concrete

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran

Abstract

Alkali-activated concretes with slag base as new materials could be used to achieve a healthy environment without pollutants such as greenhouse gases and to solve the problems of water shortage and groundwater resources and use by-products produced during the processing of materials such as iron, steel and copper alloys for construction projects. On the other hand, porous concretes have economic and environmental potentials such as preventing flooding, increasing groundwater reserves, decreasing the flow of surface water. Slag-based alkali-activated concretes have been synthesized by natural pozzolans and industrial wastes such as sodium silicate with alkaline silicate and alkali hydroxide solutions. In the current study, the performance of alkali-activated porous concrete with the different amounts of sodium hydroxide molarity and the ratio of sodium hydroxide to sodium silicate has been investigated in terms of mechanical properties such as compressive strength. The flexibility and permeability of the specimens were also investigated. The tests have been performed on 9 series of samples with three values of 8, 12 and 16 Molar of sodium hydroxide and three ratios of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide 1, 2 and 3 under curing times of 7, 14 and 28 days. The test results show that the alkali-activated porous concrete indicated a higher initial strength compared to conventional porous concretes. The compressive strength at curing time of 14 days and flexural strength at curing time of 7 days were about 75% of its strength at curing time of 28 days which is significant. The compressive and flexural strengths have been increased with the increasing of molarity and the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide about 20 to 25% and 9 to 13%, respectively. However, the permeability decreases with the increasing of molarity of sodium hydroxide solution or the ratio of sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide

Highlights

[1]      G. Xu, W. Shen, X. Huo, Z. Yang, J. Wang, W. Zhang, X. Ji, Investigation on the properties of porous concrete as road base material, Constr. Build. Mater. 158 (2018) 141–148. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.151.

[2]      E.J. Elizondo-Martínez, V.C. Andrés-Valeri, D. Jato-Espino, J. Rodriguez-Hernandez, Review of porous concrete as multifunctional and sustainable pavement, J. Build. Eng. 27 (2020) 100967. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100967.

[3]      X. Yao, W. Wang, M. Liu, Y. Yao, S. Wu, Synergistic use of industrial solid waste mixtures to prepare ready-to-use lightweight porous concrete, J. Clean. Prod. 211 (2019) 1034–1043. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.252.

[4]      Y. Zhang, H. Li, A. Abdelhady, H. Du, Laboratorial investigation on sound absorption property of porous concrete with different mixtures, Constr. Build. Mater. 259 (2020) 120414. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120414.

[5]      C. Xie, L. Yuan, M. Zhao, Y. Jia, Study on failure mechanism of porous concrete based on acoustic emission and discrete element method, Constr. Build. Mater. 235 (2020) 117409. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117409.

[6]      Y. Zhang, H. Li, A. Abdelhady, J. Yang, H. Wang, Effects of specimen shape and size on the permeability and mechanical properties of porous concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 266 (2021) 121074. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121074.

[7]      Y. Zhang, H. Li, A. Abdelhady, J. Yang, Effect of different factors on sound absorption property of porous concrete, Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 87 (2020) 102532. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2020.102532.

[8]      O. Nanayakkara, C. Gunasekara, M. Sandanayake, D.W. Law, K. Nguyen, J. Xia, S. Setunge, Alkali activated slag concrete incorporating recycled aggregate concrete: Long term performance and sustainability aspect, Constr. Build. Mater. 271 (2021) 121512. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121512.

[9]      W. Shen, Y. Liu, M. Wu, D. Zhang, X. Du, D. Zhao, G. Xu, B. Zhang, X. Xiong, Ecological carbonated steel slag pervious concrete prepared as a key material of sponge city, J. Clean. Prod. 256 (2020) 120244. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120244.

[10]    Y. Hitti, J. Chapelat, B. Sen Wu, M. Lefsrud, Design and Testing of Bioreceptive Porous Concrete: A New Substrate for Soilless Plant Growth, ACS Agric. Sci. Technol. 1 (2021) 285–293. doi:10.1021/acsagscitech.0c00065.

[11]    M. Salehi, M. Bayat, M. Saadat, M. Nasri, Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Cement-Stabilized Soil Blended with Crushed Stone Waste, KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 25 (2021) 1974–1984. doi:10.1007/s12205-021-0953-5.

[12]    M.R. ShahriarKian, S. Kabiri, M. Bayat, Utilization of Zeolite to Improve the Behavior of Cement-Stabilized Soil, Int. J. Geosynth. Gr. Eng. 7 (2021) 35. doi:10.1007/s40891-021-00284-9.

[13]    M.J. Rezaei-Hosseinabadi, M. Bayat, B. Nadi, A. Rahimi, Utilisation of steel slag as a granular column to enhance the lateral load capacity of soil, Geomech. Geoengin. 00 (2021) 1–11. doi:10.1080/17486025.2021.1940315.

[14]    A. Toghroli, M. Shariati, F. Sajedi, Z. Ibrahim, S. Koting, E.T. Mohamad, M. Khorami, A review on pavement porous concrete using recycled waste materials, Smart Struct. Syst. 22 (2018) 433–440. doi:10.12989/sss.2018.22.4.433.

[15]    J. Kong, G. Cong, S. Ni, J. Sun, C. Guo, M. Chen, H. Quan, Recycling of waste oyster shell and recycled aggregate in the porous ecological concrete used for artificial reefs, Constr. Build. Mater. 323 (2022) 126447. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126447.

[16]    A. Siddika, M.A. Al Mamun, R. Alyousef, Y.H.M. Amran, F. Aslani, H. Alabduljabbar, Properties and utilizations of waste tire rubber in concrete: A review, Constr. Build. Mater. 224 (2019) 711–731. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.108.

[17]    B. Peceño, C. Arenas, B. Alonso-Fariñas, C. Leiva, Substitution of Coarse Aggregates with Mollusk-Shell Waste in Acoustic-Absorbing Concrete, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (2019) 04019077. doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002719.

[18]    A. Azad, S.F. Mousavi, H. Karami, S. Farzin, Using waste vermiculite and dolomite as eco-friendly additives for improving the performance of porous concrete, Eng. J. 22 (2018) 87–104. doi:10.4186/ej.2018.22.5.87.

[19]    C. Shi, Steel Slag—Its Production, Processing, Characteristics, and Cementitious Properties, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 16 (2004) 230–236. doi:10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2004)16:3(230).

[20]    V. Subathra Devi, M. Madhan Kumar, N. Iswarya, B.K. Gnanavel, Durability of Steel Slag Concrete under Various Exposure Conditions, Mater. Today Proc. 22 (2019) 2764–2771. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.407.

[21]    D.H. Le, Y.N. Sheen, Q.B. Bui, An assessment on volume stabilization of mortar with stainless steel slag sand, Constr. Build. Mater. 155 (2017) 200–208. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.069.

[22]    W. Cha, J. Kim, H. Choi, Evaluation of steel slag for organic and inorganic removals in soil aquifer treatment, Water Res. 40 (2006) 1034–1042. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2005.12.039.

[23]    Y. Zandi, M. Abedi, Evaluation of the effect of magnetic water on the durability of Concrete made of cast iron slag, J. Struct. Constr. Eng. 8 (2021). doi:10.22065/JSCE.2020.204047.1963.

[24]    Z.F. Haza, M.A. Shulhan, K.B. Kadis, A. Arbianto, Characteristic of melted slag from wrought iron industry as green concrete material, in: IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., Institute of Physics Publishing, 2020: p. 012006. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/767/1/012006.

[25]    J.N. Murphy, T.R. Meadowcroft, P. V. Barr, Enhancement of the cementitious properties of steelmaking slag, Can. Metall. Q. 36 (1997) 315–331. doi:10.1179/cmq.1997.36.5.315.

[26]    P. Zhang, F. Muhammad, L. Yu, M. Xia, H. Lin, X. Huang, B. Jiao, Y.C. Shiau, D. Li, Self-cementation solidification of heavy metals in lead-zinc smelting slag through alkali-activated materials, Constr. Build. Mater. 249 (2020) 118756. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118756.

[27]    X.-L. Han, N.-J. Jiang, Y.-J. Wang, Stabilization of Calcareous Sand by Applying the Admixture of Alkali-Activated Slag (AAS) and Biochar, (2020) 469–475. doi:10.1061/9780784482780.045.

[28]    K. Behfarnia, M. Rostami, The Effect of Alkaline Solution-to-Slag Ratio on Permeability of Alkali Activated Slag Concrete, Int. J. Civ. Eng. 16 (2018) 897–904. doi:10.1007/s40999-017-0234-3.

[29]    C.S. Thunuguntla, T.D. Gunneswara Rao, Effect of mix design parameters on mechanical and durability properties of alkali activated slag concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 193 (2018) 173–188. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.189.

[30]    F. Puertas, B. González-Fonteboa, I. González-Taboada, M.M. Alonso, M. Torres-Carrasco, G. Rojo, F. Martínez-Abella, Alkali-activated slag concrete: Fresh and hardened behaviour, Cem. Concr. Compos. 85 (2018) 22–31. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.10.003.

[31]    J.J. Chang, W. Yeih, T.J. Chung, R. Huang, Properties of pervious concrete made with electric arc furnace slag and alkali-activated slag cement, Constr. Build. Mater. 109 (2016) 34–40. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.049.

[32]    Z. Sun, X. Lin, A. Vollpracht, Pervious concrete made of alkali activated slag and geopolymers, Constr. Build. Mater. 189 (2018) 797–803. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.067.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1]      G. Xu, W. Shen, X. Huo, Z. Yang, J. Wang, W. Zhang, X. Ji, Investigation on the properties of porous concrete as road base material, Constr. Build. Mater. 158 (2018) 141–148. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.151.
[2]      E.J. Elizondo-Martínez, V.C. Andrés-Valeri, D. Jato-Espino, J. Rodriguez-Hernandez, Review of porous concrete as multifunctional and sustainable pavement, J. Build. Eng. 27 (2020) 100967. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100967.
[3]      X. Yao, W. Wang, M. Liu, Y. Yao, S. Wu, Synergistic use of industrial solid waste mixtures to prepare ready-to-use lightweight porous concrete, J. Clean. Prod. 211 (2019) 1034–1043. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.252.
[4]      Y. Zhang, H. Li, A. Abdelhady, H. Du, Laboratorial investigation on sound absorption property of porous concrete with different mixtures, Constr. Build. Mater. 259 (2020) 120414. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120414.
[5]      C. Xie, L. Yuan, M. Zhao, Y. Jia, Study on failure mechanism of porous concrete based on acoustic emission and discrete element method, Constr. Build. Mater. 235 (2020) 117409. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117409.
[6]      Y. Zhang, H. Li, A. Abdelhady, J. Yang, H. Wang, Effects of specimen shape and size on the permeability and mechanical properties of porous concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 266 (2021) 121074. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121074.
[7]      Y. Zhang, H. Li, A. Abdelhady, J. Yang, Effect of different factors on sound absorption property of porous concrete, Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 87 (2020) 102532. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2020.102532.
[8]      O. Nanayakkara, C. Gunasekara, M. Sandanayake, D.W. Law, K. Nguyen, J. Xia, S. Setunge, Alkali activated slag concrete incorporating recycled aggregate concrete: Long term performance and sustainability aspect, Constr. Build. Mater. 271 (2021) 121512. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121512.
[9]      W. Shen, Y. Liu, M. Wu, D. Zhang, X. Du, D. Zhao, G. Xu, B. Zhang, X. Xiong, Ecological carbonated steel slag pervious concrete prepared as a key material of sponge city, J. Clean. Prod. 256 (2020) 120244. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120244.
[10]    Y. Hitti, J. Chapelat, B. Sen Wu, M. Lefsrud, Design and Testing of Bioreceptive Porous Concrete: A New Substrate for Soilless Plant Growth, ACS Agric. Sci. Technol. 1 (2021) 285–293. doi:10.1021/acsagscitech.0c00065.
[11]    M. Salehi, M. Bayat, M. Saadat, M. Nasri, Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Cement-Stabilized Soil Blended with Crushed Stone Waste, KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 25 (2021) 1974–1984. doi:10.1007/s12205-021-0953-5.
[12]    M.R. ShahriarKian, S. Kabiri, M. Bayat, Utilization of Zeolite to Improve the Behavior of Cement-Stabilized Soil, Int. J. Geosynth. Gr. Eng. 7 (2021) 35. doi:10.1007/s40891-021-00284-9.
[13]    M.J. Rezaei-Hosseinabadi, M. Bayat, B. Nadi, A. Rahimi, Utilisation of steel slag as a granular column to enhance the lateral load capacity of soil, Geomech. Geoengin. 00 (2021) 1–11. doi:10.1080/17486025.2021.1940315.
[14]    A. Toghroli, M. Shariati, F. Sajedi, Z. Ibrahim, S. Koting, E.T. Mohamad, M. Khorami, A review on pavement porous concrete using recycled waste materials, Smart Struct. Syst. 22 (2018) 433–440. doi:10.12989/sss.2018.22.4.433.
[15]    J. Kong, G. Cong, S. Ni, J. Sun, C. Guo, M. Chen, H. Quan, Recycling of waste oyster shell and recycled aggregate in the porous ecological concrete used for artificial reefs, Constr. Build. Mater. 323 (2022) 126447. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126447.
[16]    A. Siddika, M.A. Al Mamun, R. Alyousef, Y.H.M. Amran, F. Aslani, H. Alabduljabbar, Properties and utilizations of waste tire rubber in concrete: A review, Constr. Build. Mater. 224 (2019) 711–731. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.108.
[17]    B. Peceño, C. Arenas, B. Alonso-Fariñas, C. Leiva, Substitution of Coarse Aggregates with Mollusk-Shell Waste in Acoustic-Absorbing Concrete, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 31 (2019) 04019077. doi:10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002719.
[18]    A. Azad, S.F. Mousavi, H. Karami, S. Farzin, Using waste vermiculite and dolomite as eco-friendly additives for improving the performance of porous concrete, Eng. J. 22 (2018) 87–104. doi:10.4186/ej.2018.22.5.87.
[19]    C. Shi, Steel Slag—Its Production, Processing, Characteristics, and Cementitious Properties, J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 16 (2004) 230–236. doi:10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(2004)16:3(230).
[20]    V. Subathra Devi, M. Madhan Kumar, N. Iswarya, B.K. Gnanavel, Durability of Steel Slag Concrete under Various Exposure Conditions, Mater. Today Proc. 22 (2019) 2764–2771. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.407.
[21]    D.H. Le, Y.N. Sheen, Q.B. Bui, An assessment on volume stabilization of mortar with stainless steel slag sand, Constr. Build. Mater. 155 (2017) 200–208. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.069.
[22]    W. Cha, J. Kim, H. Choi, Evaluation of steel slag for organic and inorganic removals in soil aquifer treatment, Water Res. 40 (2006) 1034–1042. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2005.12.039.
[23]    Y. Zandi, M. Abedi, Evaluation of the effect of magnetic water on the durability of Concrete made of cast iron slag, J. Struct. Constr. Eng. 8 (2021). doi:10.22065/JSCE.2020.204047.1963.
[24]    Z.F. Haza, M.A. Shulhan, K.B. Kadis, A. Arbianto, Characteristic of melted slag from wrought iron industry as green concrete material, in: IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., Institute of Physics Publishing, 2020: p. 012006. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/767/1/012006.
[25]    J.N. Murphy, T.R. Meadowcroft, P. V. Barr, Enhancement of the cementitious properties of steelmaking slag, Can. Metall. Q. 36 (1997) 315–331. doi:10.1179/cmq.1997.36.5.315.
[26]    P. Zhang, F. Muhammad, L. Yu, M. Xia, H. Lin, X. Huang, B. Jiao, Y.C. Shiau, D. Li, Self-cementation solidification of heavy metals in lead-zinc smelting slag through alkali-activated materials, Constr. Build. Mater. 249 (2020) 118756. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118756.
[27]    X.-L. Han, N.-J. Jiang, Y.-J. Wang, Stabilization of Calcareous Sand by Applying the Admixture of Alkali-Activated Slag (AAS) and Biochar, (2020) 469–475. doi:10.1061/9780784482780.045.
[28]    K. Behfarnia, M. Rostami, The Effect of Alkaline Solution-to-Slag Ratio on Permeability of Alkali Activated Slag Concrete, Int. J. Civ. Eng. 16 (2018) 897–904. doi:10.1007/s40999-017-0234-3.
[29]    C.S. Thunuguntla, T.D. Gunneswara Rao, Effect of mix design parameters on mechanical and durability properties of alkali activated slag concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. 193 (2018) 173–188. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.189.
[30]    F. Puertas, B. González-Fonteboa, I. González-Taboada, M.M. Alonso, M. Torres-Carrasco, G. Rojo, F. Martínez-Abella, Alkali-activated slag concrete: Fresh and hardened behaviour, Cem. Concr. Compos. 85 (2018) 22–31. doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.10.003.
[31]    J.J. Chang, W. Yeih, T.J. Chung, R. Huang, Properties of pervious concrete made with electric arc furnace slag and alkali-activated slag cement, Constr. Build. Mater. 109 (2016) 34–40. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.049.
[32]    Z. Sun, X. Lin, A. Vollpracht, Pervious concrete made of alkali activated slag and geopolymers, Constr. Build. Mater. 189 (2018) 797–803. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.067.
Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
Volume 6, Issue 2 - Serial Number 12
December 2021
Pages 146-162

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History

  • Receive Date: 21 December 2021
  • Revise Date: 03 March 2022
  • Accept Date: 06 April 2022

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