Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials

Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials

Cement Design for Making high-Strength Self-Compacting Bulk Concrete (C50)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Saeed Rahmati 1
Emad Tavakoli 2
Mansor Fakhri 3
1 M.Sc, Civil Engineering Faculty, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
2 M.Sc, Civil Engineering Faculty, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
3 Professor, Civil Engineering Faculty, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
10.30478/jcsm.2023.403141.1329
Abstract
Temperature rise during cement hydration is still a major problem in the construction of bulk concrete structures. The internal temperature of bulk concrete increases due to the cement hydration process while the external concrete may be cooling and shrinking. When the temperature varies significantly across the structure, it can cause cracks in the concrete. Also, high temperatures can delay the formation of ettringite and reduce the strength and durability of concrete. Replacing natural pozzolans is one of the most effective methods to reduce thermal stresses and control cracking. In this research, the aim is to design cement to make self-compacting bulk concrete with high strength (C50). Based on this and after checking the conditions of the country and the availability of the best natural pozzolan, iron smelting furnace slag and microsilica were used as alternative pozzolans. Thus, three two-component cements with 35%, 40% and 45% replacement of slag and a three-component cement containing 45% slag and 6% microsilica were investigated. For the design of these cements, after conducting physical and chemical tests of cement and cement mortar, the required technical parameters obtained by polling concrete technology experts were checked. The results showed that slag can play an essential role in improving the mechanical, workability and thermal properties of concrete. Based on the results, cement with 45% slag had the best performance.

Highlights

  1. ACI Committee 207(2006). Guide to Mass Concrete; American Concrete Institute: Farmington Hills, MI, USA.
  2. ACI Committee 207 (2007) . Report on Thermal and Volume Change Effects on Cracking of Mass Concrete; American Concrete Institute: Farmington Hills, MI, USA.
  3. Batog, M., & Giergiczny, Z. (2017). Influence of mass concrete constituents on its properties. Construction and Building Materials, 146, 221-230.‏
  4. Pane, I., & Hansen, W. (2008). Investigation on key properties controlling early-age stress development of blended cement concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 38(11), 1325-1335.‏
  5. Zhou, W., Feng, C., Liu, X., Liu, S., Zhang, C., & Yuan, W. (2016). Contrastive numerical investigations on thermo-structural behaviors in mass concrete with various cements. Materials, 9(5), 378.‏
  6. Jędrzejewska, A., Benboudjema, F., Lacarriere, L., Azenha, M., Schlicke, D., Dal Pont, S., ... & Troyan, V. (2018). COST TU1404 benchmark on macroscopic modelling of concrete and concrete structures at early age: Proof-of-concept stage. Construction and Building Materials, 174, 173-189.‏
  7. Larosche, C. J. (2009). Types and causes of cracking in concrete structures. In Failure, distress and repair of concrete structures (pp. 57-83). Woodhead Publishing.‏
  8. Gajda, J., & Alsamsam, E. (2006). Engineering mass concrete structures. Structural Engineer, November.‏
  9. Bamforth, P. B. (2007). Early-age thermal crack control in concrete (Vol. 660). Ciria.‏
  10. Riding, K. A., Poole, J. L., Schindler, A. K., Juenger, M. C., & Folliard, K. J. (2006). Evaluation of temperature prediction methods for mass concrete members. ACI Materials Journal, 103(5), 357-365.‏
  11. Klemczak, B., & Batog, M. (2016). Heat of hydration of low-clinker cements. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 123(2), 1351-1360.‏
  12. Pacewska, B., Blonkowski, G., & Wilińska, I. (2006). Investigations of the influence of different fly ashes on cement hydration. Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry, 86(1), 179-186.‏
  13. Rahmati, S., Tavakoli, E., & Fakhri, M. (2024). Impact of slag replacement with cement on durability and workability of self-compacting concrete. Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering
  14. Tavakoli, E., & Fakhri, M. (2023). Durability and Performance Evaluation of Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete Using Artificial and Natural Lightweight Aggregates in Sulfuric Acid Environment: An Experimental and Analytical Study. Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 8(2), 1-16.
  15. Bouzoubaa, N., Zhang, M. H., & Malhotra, V. M. (2001). Mechanical properties and durability of concrete made with high-volume fly ash blended cements using a coarse fly ash. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(10), 1393-1402.‏
  16. Zhang, M.H., Swaddiwudhipong, S., Tay, K.Y.J., and Tam, C.T. (2008). Effect of silica fume on cement hydration and temperature rise of concrete in tropical environment. The IES Journal Part A: Civil & Structural Engineering M, 1(2): 154-162.
  17. Huang, C. H., Lin, S. K., Chang, C. S., & Chen, H. J. (2013). Mix proportions and mechanical properties of concrete containing very high-volume of Class F fly ash. Construction and Building Materials, 46, 71-78.‏
  18. Ameri Kordiani, B., attarian, M., & Varastehpour, H. (2020). Study of replacement of Silica Fume & Taftan Pozzolan to Large hardened concrete properties. Concrete Research, 13(4), 123-136.
  19. ACI 201.2R-16, (2000), “Guide to Durable Concrete”, Reported by ACI Committee 201, USA: American Concrete Institute.
  20. ACI 207.1R-05 (2012), “Guide to Mass Concrete”, Reported by ACI Committee, USA: American Concrete Institute.
  21. ASTM C 109/C 109M – 08, (2009),” Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)”, Copyright by ASTM Int'l, United States.
  22. ASTM C 348 – 02, (2002), “Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01, United States.
  23. ASTM C 191 – 08, (2009), “Standard Test Methods for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle”, Copyright by ASTM Int'l, United States.
  24. ASTM C 151/C 151M – 09, (2009), “Standard Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hydraulic Cement “, Gonnerman, H. F., Lerch, W. and Whiteside, T. M. , United States.
  25. ASTM C 204 – 07, (2009), “Standard Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Air-Permeability Apparatus”, Copyright by ASTM Int'l, United States.
  26. ASTM C 186 – 05, (2009), “Standard Test Method for Heat of Hydration of Hydraulic Cement”, Copyright by ASTM Int'l, United States.
  27. ASTM C 114 – 09, (2009), “Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement”, Copyright by ASTM Int'l, United States.
  28. INSO 17518-1, (2014), “Cement - Part 1: Specifications”, 1st.Edition, ICS: 91.100.10, Iran

Keywords
Mass concrete
Slag Cement
Natural Pozzolan
Heat of Hydration

Subjects

  1. ACI Committee 207(2006). Guide to Mass Concrete; American Concrete Institute: Farmington Hills, MI, USA.
  2. ACI Committee 207 (2007) . Report on Thermal and Volume Change Effects on Cracking of Mass Concrete; American Concrete Institute: Farmington Hills, MI, USA.
  3. Batog, M., & Giergiczny, Z. (2017). Influence of mass concrete constituents on its properties. Construction and Building Materials, 146, 221-230.‏
  4. Pane, I., & Hansen, W. (2008). Investigation on key properties controlling early-age stress development of blended cement concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 38(11), 1325-1335.‏
  5. Zhou, W., Feng, C., Liu, X., Liu, S., Zhang, C., & Yuan, W. (2016). Contrastive numerical investigations on thermo-structural behaviors in mass concrete with various cements. Materials, 9(5), 378.‏
  6. Jędrzejewska, A., Benboudjema, F., Lacarriere, L., Azenha, M., Schlicke, D., Dal Pont, S., ... & Troyan, V. (2018). COST TU1404 benchmark on macroscopic modelling of concrete and concrete structures at early age: Proof-of-concept stage. Construction and Building Materials, 174, 173-189.‏
  7. Larosche, C. J. (2009). Types and causes of cracking in concrete structures. In Failure, distress and repair of concrete structures (pp. 57-83). Woodhead Publishing.‏
  8. Gajda, J., & Alsamsam, E. (2006). Engineering mass concrete structures. Structural Engineer, November.‏
  9. Bamforth, P. B. (2007). Early-age thermal crack control in concrete (Vol. 660). Ciria.‏
  10. Riding, K. A., Poole, J. L., Schindler, A. K., Juenger, M. C., & Folliard, K. J. (2006). Evaluation of temperature prediction methods for mass concrete members. ACI Materials Journal, 103(5), 357-365.‏
  11. Klemczak, B., & Batog, M. (2016). Heat of hydration of low-clinker cements. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 123(2), 1351-1360.‏
  12. Pacewska, B., Blonkowski, G., & Wilińska, I. (2006). Investigations of the influence of different fly ashes on cement hydration. Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry, 86(1), 179-186.‏
  13. Rahmati, S., Tavakoli, E., & Fakhri, M. (2024). Impact of slag replacement with cement on durability and workability of self-compacting concrete. Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering
  14. Tavakoli, E., & Fakhri, M. (2023). Durability and Performance Evaluation of Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete Using Artificial and Natural Lightweight Aggregates in Sulfuric Acid Environment: An Experimental and Analytical Study. Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 8(2), 1-16.
  15. Bouzoubaa, N., Zhang, M. H., & Malhotra, V. M. (2001). Mechanical properties and durability of concrete made with high-volume fly ash blended cements using a coarse fly ash. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(10), 1393-1402.‏
  16. Zhang, M.H., Swaddiwudhipong, S., Tay, K.Y.J., and Tam, C.T. (2008). Effect of silica fume on cement hydration and temperature rise of concrete in tropical environment. The IES Journal Part A: Civil & Structural Engineering M, 1(2): 154-162.
  17. Huang, C. H., Lin, S. K., Chang, C. S., & Chen, H. J. (2013). Mix proportions and mechanical properties of concrete containing very high-volume of Class F fly ash. Construction and Building Materials, 46, 71-78.‏
  18. Ameri Kordiani, B., attarian, M., & Varastehpour, H. (2020). Study of replacement of Silica Fume & Taftan Pozzolan to Large hardened concrete properties. Concrete Research, 13(4), 123-136.
  19. ACI 201.2R-16, (2000), “Guide to Durable Concrete”, Reported by ACI Committee 201, USA: American Concrete Institute.
  20. ACI 207.1R-05 (2012), “Guide to Mass Concrete”, Reported by ACI Committee, USA: American Concrete Institute.
  21. ASTM C 109/C 109M – 08, (2009),” Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)”, Copyright by ASTM Int'l, United States.
  22. ASTM C 348 – 02, (2002), “Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars”, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01, United States.
  23. ASTM C 191 – 08, (2009), “Standard Test Methods for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle”, Copyright by ASTM Int'l, United States.
  24. ASTM C 151/C 151M – 09, (2009), “Standard Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hydraulic Cement “, Gonnerman, H. F., Lerch, W. and Whiteside, T. M. , United States.
  25. ASTM C 204 – 07, (2009), “Standard Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by Air-Permeability Apparatus”, Copyright by ASTM Int'l, United States.
  26. ASTM C 186 – 05, (2009), “Standard Test Method for Heat of Hydration of Hydraulic Cement”, Copyright by ASTM Int'l, United States.
  27. ASTM C 114 – 09, (2009), “Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement”, Copyright by ASTM Int'l, United States.
  28. INSO 17518-1, (2014), “Cement - Part 1: Specifications”, 1st.Edition, ICS: 91.100.10, Iran
  29.  
Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
Volume 8, Issue 2 - Serial Number 16
November 2023
Pages 63-75

  • Receive Date 19 June 2023
  • Revise Date 21 November 2023
  • Accept Date 09 December 2023